Stereotyping :: Psychology Stereotyping Stereotype Essays

Stereotyping Stereotyping is a form of pre judgement that is as prevalent in today's society as it was 2000 years ago. It is a social attitude that has stood the test of time and received much attention by social psychologists and philosophers alike. Many approaches to, or theories of stereotyping have thus been raised. This essay evaluates the cognitive approach that categorisation is an essential cognitive process that inevitably leads to stereotyping. Hamilton (1979) calls this a 'depressing dilemma'. Brown's (1995) definition of stereotyping through prejudice is the 'holding of derogatory social attitudes or cognitive beliefs, the expression of negative affect, or the display of hostile or discriminatory behaviour towards members of a group on account of their membership to that group'. This definition implies that stereotyping is primarily a group process, through the individuals psyche's within that group. A further idea of stereotyping, defined by Allport (1954) as 'thinking ill of others without warrant', is that people 'make their mind up' without any personal experience. This pre judgement about a whole group is then transferred to the stigmatisation of any individuals in that group. It is these ideas that the essay aims to evaluate, through the cognitive process of categorisation and the above definitions that bring about three distinct features of stereotyping, that our cognition can be demonstrated through. The first characteristic of stereotyping is over-generalisation. A number of studies conducted found that different combinations of traits were associated with groups of different ethnic and national origin (Katz and Braly, 1933). However, stereotyping does not imply that all members of a group are judged in these ways, just that a typical member of a group can be categorised in such judgements, that they possess the characteristics of the group. Still, when we talk of a group, we do so by imagining a member of that group. The second feature and characteristic of stereotyping is the exaggeration of the difference between ones own group (the in-group) and the 'other' group (the out-group). This can be traced back to the work of Tajfel during the 1950's - 'the accentuation principle' (Tajfel, 1981). Tajfel's work was specifically on physical stimuli, and concluded that judgements on such stimuli are not made in isolation, but in the context of other factors. Applied socially - a judgement about an out-group relies upon other factors surrounding the judgement in question, as well as making a statement about the in-group and the relationship between the two groups.

Reduce Cost

In the unpredictable economic times prevalent contemporarily, organizations and economies all over the world are devising strategies that can prove effective in providing them sanctuary from the looming threat of increasing expenditures. However, there are a number of ways through which these expenses can be controlled in an intelligent and less intimidating way. First and foremost, a careful analysis of the sectors where your budget goes wild is significant in taming the money animal. Sometimes it is difficult to reduce an increase item, but more profits can be generated from the increased item if the expense analysis is conducted in a careful way. It is therefore important during analysis that one must make use of percentages rather than actual dollar amounts. For instance if your main objective is to surge sales it is important that the dollar expense is kept the same, by implementing this method you have actually decreased the expense of sale as a percentage which will eventually manifest itself in the form of increased profits. Similarly if the sales volume of an item remains constant, the percentage of profit can still be increased by reducing a particular component contributing to expense. Through such a policy you will be able to successfully achieve both objectives: to decrease the alarming expense and increase the productivity at the same time. Another tool that can effectively be utilized when discussing ways to reduce costs and expenses is ingeniously prioritize the expenditures that are mandatory and those that can temporarily be sidelined. The prioritization is also important as it allows organizations to make decisions accordingly in order to frame their objectives towards acquiring goals that they feel are important for the prosperity of the organization rather than focusing entirely on places which are not that productive. Pros and Cons of Outsourcing One of the areas which have turned out to be a nightmare for the domestic labor market of the United States is the outsourcing. The phenomenon is associated with adverse economic as well as social repercussions. Statistics reveal that majority of the country’s native labor force regards outsourcing as a slow poison to their employment opportunities. This was easily manifested when during a survey 1,019 adults when inquired about outsourcing, 60% of them straight forwardly polled in negative, whereas only 23% said that it was important for financial rejuvenation. In addition to this over 40% companies are involved either in experimenting or are already engaged in shifting their services overseas in search of cheap labor and services that are being provided by countries like China and India. However on the flip side pro-outsourcing advocates claim that by implementing upon outsourcing new job opportunities can be explored as there are also a number of government agencies that outsource their work to different country labor which saves them millions of dollars directly affecting consumer spending as well as expenses being handled by the state treasury. Long and short term issues related to outsourcing A key issue that arises out of outsourcing is finding a satisfactory answer to the question whether outsourcing in future will facilitate the creation of greater employment opportunities. Short-term issues concerning the entire matter are the hypothetical, euphoric and speculative nature between the two major elements and assume that one-to-one replacement of people can easily take place, but in dynamic market situations such as those faced by US markets, prevalence of such conditions are almost next to impossible because price and income both exhibit an elastic nature. Many economic models proposed by prominent economists fail to address these fundamental flaws which are quite dominant in the economic setup of the country. Furthermore in the long run outsourcing can be used as an effective tool for substantial economic gains which can be achieved through proper maintenance of service record which is very important as your customer will be something more than just a simple vendor, effective outsourcing and its fruitful results can only be obtained if the specific customer can readily address the outsourcer in a timely manner and can resolve all complications and difficulties encountered by the outsourcer in performing the task. Another very important factor that is often overlooked by many is the presence of properly trained and managed staff for the outsourcing work. When a customer provides a company with work, he invests a feeling of trust and credibility in the name of the company and therefore it is mandatory for the outsourcer or the outsourcing company itself to live up to his expectations and refrain from practices that may putrid the relation between the client and the service provider. (Holzer, Demetra and Nightingale, 2007)

An Interview with the Elderly

Gillian Howard was only 7 when the Second World War started; it was a chain of events that didn't just wreck her childhood but many others. The observer got the chance to interview her as part of our elderly season. I came into the warm living room for this interview and my surrounding are of ornaments and glass statues. This is because my grandmother, Gillian, is an antique collector, so to start this interview I nuzzle myself into the infamous black leather sofa ready for the interview. My grandmother entered, I immediately stand up for this is how you treat the elder generation, with respect. I greet her and I sit back down ready to question her. I firstly ask her to just say a few interesting points that are important. She says she was born 1932 so was only 7 when the war started; Gillian lived in London at the time. Gillian still lives in London today and that is where we are now. When the blitz started in 1941 Gillian was evacuated from London and went on a train to Bristol. After that brief summary I proceed to ask her of when she felt most sad. Naturally it was when she   was separated from her parents and evacuated. She was crying and a group of soldiers came up to her and comforted her they were at the station too and were on the train to Bristol to go to the port to go onto a battleship. They sang to her the wartime songs all the way from London to Bristol she learnt them all. â€Å"But there is another event that really was sad and it just shows how the war tears families to shreds,† she said. I ask what this event is; she says â€Å"It was of course when my brother died in world war two, you see he was torpedoed by a German U-boat 4 people survived. He was one of them and he was on a chunk of metal torn away form the ship. After 4 days without food in the scorching heat of Africa the U-Boat surfaced and left them there they took photographs and used them as propaganda saying they were actually good people for they had rescued 4 dying men. 3 days later my brother died and 1 day later the rest of the crew were rescued he was just one day to short.† It is a story I have heard many times before, but it still makes me feel awfully sorry for my grandmother and her family. I then ask what happened when she arrived at Bristol. She says the she and her other brother were to be taken to a boarding school. But wasn't as easy as it seemed for it was an only boys boarding school. Gillian got up to much mischief â€Å"in one event there was a sudden uproar of mice in the school, every single pupil had one and we hid them underneath the fold up old fashioned desks.† In another event Gillian describes the useless French teacher. She explains in this episode of how pathetic the teacher was and how all the children decided to trick her. She recalls the event, â€Å"You see the week before we had tricked another teacher by putting thin string all around the corridor and it tripped her up. All the teachers were on red alert so before class I went outside the classroom of the French teacher she was marking homework in the room and I pretended to tie up all these pieces of string outside. So we went into the lesson that is our class and pretended to jump over the strings. So when the teacher left the classroom she was crawling over the floor, she thought there was string. If we had cameras back then that would be the time to use it!† I ask her if she ever saw the bombing. She then says that they only stayed at Bristol for one day before they were whisked away to the countryside. But in that night she saw the bombing. She says â€Å"In the night I was with my brother it was the most terrifying thing and all you could hear was the screeching of the bombs and huge explosions.† I ask, â€Å"When the war was over was there a huge sense of relief.† â€Å"When the war ended everybody was so cheerful I was in London on victory day but before this whole experience I was 7 now I was 13 a whole chunk of my childhood was torn out,† says Gillian. So were many other children's childhood I think to myself. â€Å"So after that I grew up in London and I met your grandfather Theo, at the age of 22, Theo was 29. So many people got married young in those days,† says Gillian. Gillian and Theo now live in a large Victorian, house in Chelsea London. I ask if they both go out much. â€Å"I go out with our dog Bosie on a walk every day to keep him healthy,† she explains. Bosie is the puppy born in august. He is very lively and is active so they go on a walk every day. â€Å"Do you have any hobbies?† I ask. She says that she collects antiques and has a very large collection of jewellery. Whenever we visit her she always shows my sisters her latest addition to the collection. At 76 Gillian still doesn't have the same athletic ability she used to have but is still very fit for her age. When we go to the park she will be joining in with the football. I therefore sum up this interview part of are elderly season with the same message as other articles of the elderly season week. They are elderly people must have respect they have come from a completely different world compared to us and therefore needed to be treated like that. The elderly are not boring, slow, dull people as depicted in stereotypical pictures they are full of years of wisdom and can tell you lots of good stories. Don't fall for what those stereotypical pictures say†¦ THINK!

Essay Romeo and Juliet

ESSAY â€Å"The older you are, the wiser you get. † is a well known proverb that provides insight in human tendencies to be impulsive, perfunctory and hasty. Part of maturing as a human being comes from understanding a predicament, deducing a solution and carefully reasoning whether there will be any consequences and if they would be worth it. Impulsive acts flaunt incompetence and immaturity. Albeit embarrassing regardless, there are often more resilient consequences than merely looking foolish for acting in manners that jeopardize goals and contravene strategies of success.Failing to analyze any situation appropriately in the heat of the moment incurs undesirable outcomes such as a punishment of some sort or in some cases, death. This is the message that William Shakespeare tries to convey in his infamous play, Romeo and Juliet. This play revolves around characters from two rival families that elicit their deaths and that of several others due to their impulsive personalitie s. Romeo, Juliet and Tybalt each let a particular emotion cloud their judgement, causing them to make decisions with no prior thoughts of consideration for consequences.Their lack of will to resist and control their desires becomes the cause of their demise. When experiencing certain emotions, one's thoughts are clouded and it becomes difficult for them to make rational decisions. Romeo is a very impulsive character. It's as if he suffers from Borderline Personality Disorder. He tends to over react and his impulsivity puts him in several difficult situations before it kills him. Firstly, Romeo is very dramatic. His feelings are superficial and shallow.This is established at the very beginning of the play when Romeo says: â€Å"Alas, that love, whose view is muffled still, Should, without eyes, see pathways to his will! Where shall we dine? O me! What fray was here? † . (Act 1, Scene 1, Line 165) Romeo dramatically muses about his â€Å"love† for Rosaline to Benvolio f or a lengthy period before he abruptly changes the topic of discussion momentarily to where they will eat dinner.This indicates an impulsive and whimsical tendency. This quotation helps enforce character development into play, allowing the reader to infer the lead character's major personality traits and flaws. Albeit at a very small and irrelevant scale, Romeo's tendency to act over-dramatic puts himself in state of mental distress unnecessarily. Secondly, Romeo's impetuosity is made very unambiguous and perceptive to the reader during the famous â€Å"balcony scene† in the play. The following conversation takes place between Romeo and Juliet in Act 2, Scene 2: ROMEO: With love's light wings did I o'er-perch these walls; For stony limits cannot hold love out, And what love can do that dares love attempt; Therefore thy kinsmen are no let to me. JULIET: If they do see thee, they will murder thee. ROMEO: Alack, there lies more peril in thine eye Than twenty of their swords: lo ok thou but sweet, And I am proof against their enmity. (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 65-70) Romeo proclaims his love for a woman he met less than 24 hours ago, making his impulsivity indisputable. He displays complete disregard for the safety of his life by being on Capulet property just to catch a glimpse of a girl – Capulet's only daughter and prize – he met the evening earlier. His very presence in such a place at midnight is impulsive on its own, but to claim to not value his life in lengthy, redundant romantic speeches is careless, immature and unacceptably lackadaisical.Fortunately, Romeo escapes the property unseen. If he had been caught, he would have been killed. This shows Romeo's poor decision making skills, his disregard for carefully choosing his decisions and how they could have gotten him in danger. Lastly, Romeo gets himself killed because, yet again, he does not reflect on his actions before executing them. In Act 5, Scene 1, Romeo says to Apothecary,  "Let me have a dram of poison†¦ † (Act 5, Scene 1, Line 60).Romeo utters this statement in severe melancholy upon hearing of Juliet's apparent death in Verona. Him hastily travelling to a druggist emphasizes on Romeo's tendency to overreact and not give any apparent thought to his own life or his future. At this point, Romeo's character traits are made very clear to the reader. In conclusion, careless behaviour is potentially cataclysmic for the person impulsive and the people around him. This is especially true when an individual allows an emotion to cloud their judgement.Since Romeo allowed himself to get attached to Juliet quickly, lustfully he found himself in a miserable position where Juliet, Lady Montague, Mercutio, Tybalt and Paris die because he impulsively decided to fall in love with a member of the Capulet family without thinking of the long term consequences and in his grief he decided to take his own life mindlessly. Similar to Romeo, Juliet is also depicted as an impulsive character who neglects rational thinking when flooded with emotions. This is made particularly evident during the balcony scene when Juliet says, Three words, dear Romeo, and good-night indeed. If that thy bent of love be honourable, Thy purpose marriage, send me word tomorrowBy one that I’ll procure to come to thee Where and what time thou wilt perform the rite, And all my fortunes at thy foot I’ll lay And follow thee my lord throughout the world† . (Act 2, Scene 1, Line 145). This quotation testifies to Juliet's callow and childlike decision to consider a boy she met hours ago as her husband. Marriage is genuine and a huge step in someone's life.It is brought together by hundreds of tiny threads which are sewn by the couple over years, not within a few hours. The idea of falling in love, the lust for Romeo and the excitement of rebellion causes Juliet to not think rationally. The lust she feels causes her to follow her heart rather than her mi nd. The man she consents to marrying is part of a rival family and pursuing marriage with Romeo would be redundant and dangerous as another brawl would break out between the two families before they would succumb to the marriage. Had she thought rationally and considered the consequences beforehand rather than acting impulsively she ould have saved lives of many others, including her own. Fortunately for Romeo, she wasn't caught conversing with him while he was under the balcony. Impulsivity is a repercussion of impatience. Patience is a virtue and in this case, a life saving one. However, although short-term trouble was avoided successfully, one is not always guaranteed to be so lucky. This is demonstrated later in the play when Juliet says to Friar Lawrence, â€Å"Be not so long to speak. I long to die if what thou speak’st speak not of remedy† (Act 4, Scene 1, Line 65). Juliet is devastated when Lady Capulet forces her to make Paris her mate for life.In desperate se arch for a solution, she goes to Friar with a dagger and announces her plan of suicide, blackmailing him of proceeding with the aforementioned plan if Friar doesn't give her an alternative. Friar suggests taking a coma-inducing potion which will fake her death, after which she could elope with Romeo. In utter incoherence and mad impulsivity, she takes the potion without speaking with Romeo. Relying on Friar and a messenger to give Romeo the message, she irresponsibly fabricates a scene of death and gets put in the Capulet crypt. Upon Romeo's arrival there, he has a confrontation with Paris.They duel till Paris's death, after which the derangement of the whole situation takes control of Romeo's senses, causing him to drink poison and die. Her impulsivity is not left unpunished this time as she causes the death of two people close to her and the death of Lady Montague later on. Failing to think the consequences beforehand causes the person and the people around him/her to suffer menta l or physical injuries to potentially huge extents. Lastly, Juliet's impulsivity is made absolute when she mindlessly decides to take her life. In Act 5, Juliet's final words testify that her final impulsive action is detrimental.She says, â€Å"Yea, noise? Then I’ll be brief. O happy dagger, This is thy sheath. There rust and let me die† (Act 5, Scene 3, Line 69). Upon witnessing Romeo's deceased body laying lifelessly next to an empty flask of poisonous drug, Juliet grabs Romeo's dagger and stabs herself to her demise. She does not think about the consequences of killing herself for a boy she met less than a week ago. She sees no escape other than immediately killing herself, leaving the rest of her life unlived. Therefore, in conclusion, inability to appropriately weigh their options makes people take decisions impulsively and impulsivity can be injurious.In Juliet's case, Romeo and Paris paid for her impulsivity and the deaths of those were indirectly related to th ose of others such as Lady Montague, Mercutio and Tybalt. Tybalt is a character from the Capulet family who, like Romeo and Juliet, allows emotions to dominate and overpower his judgements which result in impulsive actions with fatal consequences. However, unlike Romeo and Juliet, Tybalt has trouble controlling his anger. His easily perturbed temper leads to his desires of resorting to violence. Although a different emotion than lust, anger is an unwanted emotion regardless, failing to repress which has inevitable consequences.Tybalt's impulsivity is first hinted upon when he says, â€Å"It fits when such a villian is a guest. I'll not endure him. † (Act 1, Scene 5, Line 75). Tybalt is completely enraged by Romeo's presence at the Capulet ball to the point at which he wishes to duel him. With anger clouding his judgements, he doesn't consider the Prince's warning the following morning. Had he not been told to quite down, he would have confronted Romeo, perturbing the peace. H is impulsivity and inability to control his emotions when aggravated is his biggest strength while being his biggest weakness as well.This quotation is significant, because of its adequate approach to character development. Furthermore, this quote helps the reader infer the message of the play itself: impulsivity is more or less masochistic and inability to repress emotions to a reasonable level can be fatal. Secondly, another impulsive decision taken by Tybalt occurs in Scene 1 when he says, â€Å"What, drawn, and talk of peace! I hate the word, As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee: Have at thee, coward! † (Act 1, Scene 1, Line 65) In this quotation, Tybalt exclaims openly about his hatred for Montagues.His anger speaks for him, attracting trouble with those hateful words. His inability to control himself attracts the prince, getting them all in trouble. In a way, this incident is the guarantee of his near death. If Romeo hadn't killed him for killing Mercutio later on, t he Prince would have had him executed, because of the warning he gives after Tybalt disrupts the peace by starting a brawl. Lastly, Tybalt's impulsivity gets himself killed, becoming further evidence to how impulsivity gets you in trouble. Tybalt says, â€Å"Boy, this shall not excuse the injuries.That thou hast don’t me, therefore turn and draw† (3:1:63, 64). Tybalt taunts Romeo, hoping to initiate a duel for his anger to be drained. He seeks duels, never wanting to consider talking about the issues. It is due to this, that he finds himself murdered. Had he chosen to consider alternatives with a calm mind, he would have saved his own life and that of Mercutio. Anybody can become angry – that is easy, but to be angry with the right person and to the right degree and at the right time and for the right purpose, and in the right way – that is not within everybody's power and is not easy.It is a necessary skill, which becomes more troublesome the longer one chooses to not master it. In conclusion, strong emotions, desires and urges come to everyone. Learning to be able to adequately control them to a safe degree is a necessity. Romeo, Juliet and Tybalt all act impulsively because they are unable to repress their emotions. Romeo's lust for Juliet causes him to act recklessly, risking his life for a woman he barely knows. Since he allowed himself to become infatuated with Juliet, he found himself very lonely at her apparent death.He saw no other option other than that to kill himself. His impulsivity was fatal as he was too foolish to repress his emotions. Juliet, being as foolish as Romeo returned his love. Lustfully, she also allowed herself to get attached too quickly. She foolishly accepted Romeo's proposal, risking her family's name and honour for a boy as unprepared and unsuitable for a mate in a realistic world as a newborn. Had she been smart and not returned Romeo's love like Rosaline, her life would have been saved. Lastly, Tyb alt also made several foolish decisions.Despite of his anger proving harmful, he never practiced the advice he was preached: to not disrupt peace amongst the public. Making several impulsive decisions like starting a brawl in the street for something that could have been easily apologized for and killing Mercutio, Tybalt ensures his final destination. If all three characters were more mature and weighed their options before making any decision, they each would be alive at the end of the play. However, that would have made a boring play, wouldn't it have?

Risk Register Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Risk Register - Essay Example There is a fundamental need for their frequent review to ensure that all the identified risks are managed in the ideal way. The project manager involves all the stakeholders and if need be, end users to provide input information. In addition, it is critical in maintenance of confidentiality and integrity as some items may be sensitive in nature. For instance, examples of risks managed by the register includes, but are not limited to, risk owner information, risk analysis scores, risks controls, operational risks, compliance risks and environmental. The author states that information technology needs thorough analysis of risks because of retrieval of critical information. IT risk practitioners define risk register as a database that provides information on each risk identified. It can benefit from the use of risk register in various ways, as it is able to cope up with risks such as software and hardware failure, viruses, human terror, natural disasters, malicious attacks, accidents an d other emergencies. Several studies show that most projects share common sources of risk. The documented register determines the ideal precautions and steps to undertake in order to manage the IT business risks. The manager and the stakeholders record in the register person in the organisation who owns the risk. Therefore, the level of accuracy is definite, which grants the project manager an easy time in provision of solutions to the risks. Furthermore, there is ease of continuous monitoring and evaluation secondary to improved records.

Web 2.0 for engaging and collaborative learning in higher education Essay

Web 2.0 for engaging and collaborative learning in higher education - Essay Example Classroom 2.0 uses asynchronous learning to promote collaboration among large numbers of users, instead of consuming one-way information, which is common in Classroom 1.0. Some educators are concerned, however, with the adoption of Web 2.0, because it may not serve their specific teaching needs and it may not always be aligned with learners’ skills and interests (Bennett et al., 2012; Yoo & David, 2011). Other educators think that Web 2.0 is a powerful enabling technology for students (Churchill, 2011; Sistek-Chandler, 2012). This essay aims to negotiate differences in the perceptions of Web 2.0 because of different beliefs in the effects of Web 2.0 on learning. Web 2.0 promotes learning through providing diverse tools for engaging and collaborative learning. Web 2.0 contributes to synchronous and asynchronous learning in higher education because it assists student content creation and sharing, promotes self-regulated learning and teamwork, and supports critical and reflective participation. Opponents of Web 2.0 assert that students have different Web 2.0 skills and these differences can produce cognitive load that can interfere with deep learning. Cifuentes, Alvarez Xochihua, and Edwards (2011) learned that the cognitive load from Web 2.0 interfered with deep learning due to students’ varying Web 2.0 skills. ... The authors stressed the importance of Web 2.0 in enhancing student content creation and sharing, but the inexperience of the students with these tools may prove disconcerting to them enough to not understand its value in their education. Cifuentes, Alvarez Xochihua, and Edwards (2011) also stressed that not all students understood the objectives of using Web 2.0. This article emphasizes the role of instructors in mediating learning through providing clear learning objectives in the use of Web 2.0. Teachers must consider these issues, before introducing Web 2.0 into learning practices. Technology skills and learning goals can impact how Web 2.0 will be used and adopted by both teachers and students alike. Students and teachers may have different interests and preferences too, when it comes too Web 2.0, which can affect how Web 2.0 is accepted and used in actual class settings. Yoo and David Huang (2011), in â€Å"Comparison of Web 2.0 Technology Acceptance Level Based on Cultural Di fferences,† examined the role of culture in accepting Web 2.0. They learned that Koreans and Americans have different preferences, when it comes to Web 2.0 technologies. If instructors are not aware of these preferences, they might not be able to motivate their students in maximizing Web 2.0 for learning. Bennett et al. (2012) noted that teachers also have varying perceptions on the importance of Web 2.0 in teaching and learning. Some teachers continue to believe that face-to-face communication is still the best way of learning, because actual presence can stimulate deep learning. Others believe that Web 2.0 presents interesting ways of engaging students. Clearly, differences in how Web

Introduction & Conclusion for implementation of quality application Essay

Introduction & Conclusion for implementation of quality application - Essay Example Many companies have started to shift to service industry in order to earn revenue but many of them face problem to maintain quality in service. Maintaining quality is also an important issue for product marketer because improving quality in production decreases overall cost for product marketer. Valls and Vergueiro (2006) argued that deploying quality applications such as Total Quality Management (TQM), Six Sigma and Quality Circle etc can decrease error margin in production for manufacturing companies. In such context, Wisniewski (2001) pointed out that there cannot be one definition of quality which can serve the purpose of all the industry. For example, quality concept for manufacturing company is defined by its production efficiency, decrease in error margin in production, decrease in production frequency of faulty products etc while quality concept for hospitality sector is defined by its ability to provide faultless responsive service to customers. Finnish marketing legend Gron roos defined the quality concept in the following manner; The consumer compares his expectations with the service he perceives he has received, i.e. he puts the perceived service against the expected service. The result of this process will be the perceived quality of service. - (Gronroos, 1984, p. 37) Valls and Vergueiro (2006) pointed out that quality applications can cover number of interrelated aspects in the organization such as leadership, customer focus, environmental sustainability, management system, knowledge management, environmental sustainability, process approach and supplier relationship. International quality management body ISO has defined 8 quality criteria and meeting these criteria can help organizations to achieve quality excellence award. These quality criteria or applications can be defined as, 1- Customer focus- Proving service to customers which can meet or exceed the expectation of customers, 2- Leadership- achieving leadership position when it comes to qua lity management and guiding employees to maintain the leadership position, 3- People- proper utilization of human resources to ensure quality in the process, 4- Process- improving process flow to in order to enhance quality of the output, 5- System Approach- controlling interrelated process in order to improve quality of output, 6- Continual Improvement- sharing and managing knowledge within the organization in order to ensure sustainable growth, 7- Factual Decision- taking decision on the basis of facts and data driven manner and 8- Mutually Beneficial Relationship- providing mutual benefits to suppliers and other stakeholders (ISO, 2012). The researcher has already undergone the three case studies such as, 1- implementation of TQM in Florida International University- in this case study, the university has planned to implement TQM in order to improve quality of education and normal learning environment, 2- implementation of European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) in Royal College Surgeons in Ireland- the institute has already became member of EFQM in 2010 and the institute has implemented the